Homework

Week 1 HW: Principles and Practices
HTGAA Homework 1: Principles and Practices Autonomous Volatile-Mediated Defence System for Living Food-Waste Biomaterials 1. Biological Engineering Application The proposed biological engineering application is an intrinsic, volatile-mediated defence system designed to provide autonomous antifungal protection for organic-waste-based materials. This tool harnesses the metabolic capacity of Bacillus subtilis to produce microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—specifically 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl)—which act as a gas-phase biofumigant within the material matrix (Ling et al., 2022).